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Archive for September, 2012

Majority of Trainers NOT Qualified!

The majority of personal trainers are simply not qualified to train their clients; they lack any real depth of health and fitness knowledge and their personal experience with health and fitness is merely superficial. Young and attractive is frequently their primary asset…  

The personal training industry is virtually swimming in certifications. Whereas some certifiying programs demand a broad-based understanding of human anatomy and physiology, others require much less from their participants, usually just a few of their dollars. There’s no standardized testing in the industry; applicants often can get away with taking either a weekend course or even just an online exam before calling themselves personal trainers and many will even skip this rudimentary step before doing so.

Look for depth in health and fitness knowledge (Degree and Certification), decades of personal training experience and an on-going participation in physical activities and athletics!

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Moon Valley Grasshopper Bridge 5K Run/Walk

See You There!

SATURDAY – September 29, 2012

Race starts at 7am!

MOON VALLEY PARK in Phoenix

7th Ave 1/2 mile south of Greenway Pkwy

http://www.mvgrasshopperbridge5k.com/

 

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“Cactus ChaCha Trail Runs” Founder will be Missed!

By John Yantis – The Republic | azcentral.com

To describe John Greer as an avid runner isn’t nearly enough.

The Goodyear man was an ultra marathoner and triathlete who died May 26 while training for a 100-mile trail run this summer in Colorado. It was to be his 10th time conquering the Leadville Trail 100 Run.

His family planned to be on hand in August when Greer, 53, crossed the finish line and made his 1,000th mile.

Greer’s body was found close to the summit of Humphrey’s Peak in Flagstaff, a place where he trained many times before.

“He was doing a double loop,” said his brother, Bill Greer. “He starts at the base, he goes up to the summit and went back down and loops back up for a second round. He was on his second round and he was very near the summit where they found him.”

John Greer was found unconscious and not breathing by two hikers around 11:30 a.m. about a quarter of a mile beneath the summit, according to the Coconino County Sheriff’s Office. The two hikers performed CPR for more than 30 minutes but were unable to revive Greer.

The county’s search-and-rescue coordinator and volunteers hiked to the location, about 12,000-foot elevation, and confirmed he was dead, the Sheriff’s Office said.

While the official cause of death has not been released by the Coconino County Medical Examiner’s Office, the family said Greer suffered from an underlying heart condition that he was unaware he had.

“It wasn’t a slip and a fall,” Bill Greer said. “They had to do an autopsy to rule out any foul play.”

John Greer had run in hundreds of competitive races, from 5Ks to hundred-milers.

He was readying for a 100-mile out-and-back course in the midst of the Colorado Rockies. The low point of the trail is 9,200 feet. The high point, Hope Pass, is at 12,600 feet, according to the race website.

“He’s done it nine times previously and in his training routine, it wasn’t uncommon for him to go up to the altitudes of Flagstaff or up to the Grand Canyon,” Bill said.

Bill said his brother carried a disciplined personality. John had been a runner since he was young.

“It was a central part of his life, and part of the reason he loved living in Arizona is because there’s so many beautiful places to train,” Bill said.

John often ran the trails of White Tank Mountain Regional Park. In fact, he loved the area so much that he and his wife, Mary, began the annual Cactus ChaCha Trail Runs in 2004. John was race founder and race director.

The races, which draw more than 500 participants, are scheduled for October 13 in the park.

“He was kind of evangelical about running and he loved the idea of starting this race because it got many other people interested in running as well, specifically trail running. He loved being in the mountains,” his brother said.

John was competitive enough that his times in nearly all of his races were in the top 10 percent of the field, Bill said. He ran about four races per month.

“He had his routine,” Bill said. “He was a numbers guy and he kept track of every run, every race, what his times were. He had spreadsheets going back for every training run he ever did. He kind of measured and treated it with that degree of calculated discipline.”

John grew up in Minneapolis and graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he met his wife.

The couple often ran competitions together, although John would be more inclined to run the longer-distance courses, Bill said.

After college, John became a trader on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

He came to the Valley more than 20 years ago to attend Thunderbird, the American Graduate School of International Management, now known as Thunderbird School of Global Management in Glendale.

His brother said he graduated and settled here because it was a great place to run year-round.

A real-estate agent and broker in the West Valley, John Greer recently left his previous firm to start his own company, LongRun Realty, where he was the designated broker.

Business had just begun taking off, Bill Greer said.

“John took no shortcuts,” he said. “He did everything the right way. He took his fiduciary responsibility extremely seriously.”

Recovering John’s body posed a high risk for the first responders because of the high elevation, high winds and wind chill, authorities said.

A rescue helicopter was unable to land in the rough terrain so rescuers evacuated the body using a long-line rope system that suspended his body underneath the helicopter.

“As far as preparation goes, he had his gloves on and his extra shirt and the right kind of equipment and extra water, all of that stuff,” Bill said. “It certainly wasn’t a matter of him not being prepared. In fact, he was … prepared for just about any contingency.”

Bill, who lives in New York, expects his brother will be remembered for his modesty, honesty and integrity.

“Although he was a private guy, I can just tell as I’m meeting his friends and talking to people, the degree of respect people had for John,” Bill said. “It was something to see because he was kind of a modest guy, considering all of his accomplishments. The thing that he was most proud of is running.”

http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2012/06/03/20120603flagstaff-runner-died-colorado-race.html

The Cactus ChaCha Trail Run Link: http://www.cactuschacha.com/

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Personal Trainer Turnover!

Excited to get started with a “new” personal trainer?

How about building a long-term, on-going relationship with your “new” personal trainer?

Be careful here…

The personal-training industry has high rates of employee turnover, meaning that your newly found personal trainer is likely to be gone in the near future. One, because the definition of personal trainer is so loosely defined in the fitness industry today, setting a very low standard and two, because this position is frequently filled by those who are waiting for something better to come along with no real intention or capacity to be a professional.

Look for certifications from ACSM or NSCA, a degree in health and fitness and on-going participation in sports and athletics.

Your personal trainer should know how to stay motivated, year after year, as well as injury free.

If they can’t do that for themselves how are they going to do that for you?

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The New Yorker Magazine “Marathon Man”

This is an amazingly interesting account of a “marathon man” who goes to GREAT lengths to lie about his running achievements.

The article is too long to post here, so the article link is below:  

http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/08/06/120806fa_fact_singer

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Be one of the Few!

The majority of us have some level of fight within us, but few have any consistency or depth to that fight. Be one of the few…

 

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Life Spans are Decreasing for Many!

Life Expectancy Shrinks for Less-Educated Whites in U.S.

By SABRINA TAVERNISE
Published: NY Times – September 20, 2012

For generations of Americans, it was a given that children would live longer than their parents. But there is now mounting evidence that this enduring trend has reversed itself for the country’s least-educated whites, an increasingly troubled group whose life expectancy has fallen by four years since 1990.

Researchers have long documented that the most educated Americans were making the biggest gains in life expectancy, but now they say mortality data show that life spans for some of the least educated Americans are actually contracting. Four studies in recent years identified modest declines, but a new one that looks separately at Americans lacking a high school diploma found disturbingly sharp drops in life expectancy for whites in this group. Experts not involved in the new research said its findings were persuasive.

The reasons for the decline remain unclear, but researchers offered possible explanations, including a spike in prescription drug overdoses among young whites, higher rates of smoking among less educated white women, rising obesity, and a steady increase in the number of the least educated Americans who lack health insurance.

The steepest declines were for white women without a high school diploma, who lost five years of life between 1990 and 2008, said S. Jay Olshansky, a public health professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the lead investigator on the study, published last month in Health Affairs. By 2008, life expectancy for black women without a high school diploma had surpassed that of white women of the same education level, the study found.

White men lacking a high school diploma lost three years of life. Life expectancy for both blacks and Hispanics of the same education level rose, the data showed. But blacks over all do not live as long as whites, while Hispanics live longer than both whites and blacks.

“We’re used to looking at groups and complaining that their mortality rates haven’t improved fast enough, but to actually go backward is deeply troubling,” said John G. Haaga, head of the Population and Social Processes Branch of the National Institute on Aging, who was not involved in the new study.

The five-year decline for white women rivals the catastrophic seven-year drop for Russian men in the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, said Michael Marmot, director of the Institute of Health Equity in London.

The decline among the least educated non-Hispanic whites, who make up a shrinking share of the population, widened an already troubling gap. The latest estimate shows life expectancy for white women without a high school diploma was 73.5 years, compared with 83.9 years for white women with a college degree or more. For white men, the gap was even bigger: 67.5 years for the least educated white men compared with 80.4 for those with a college degree or better.

The dropping life expectancies have helped weigh down the United States in international life expectancy rankings, particularly for women. In 2010, American women fell to 41st place, down from 14th place in 1985, in the United Nations rankings. Among developed countries, American women sank from the middle of the pack in 1970 to last place in 2010, according to the Human Mortality Database.

The slump is so vexing that it became the subject of an inquiry by the National Academy of Sciences, which published a report on it last year.

“There’s this enormous issue of why,” said David Cutler, an economics professor at Harvard who was an author of a 2008 paper that found modest declines in life expectancy for less educated white women from 1981 to 2000. “It’s very puzzling and we don’t have a great explanation.”

And it is yet another sign of distress in one of the country’s most vulnerable groups during a period when major social changes are transforming life for less educated whites. Childbirth outside marriage has soared, increasing pressures on women who are more likely to be single parents. Those who do marry tend to choose mates with similar education levels, concentrating the disadvantage.

Inklings of this decline have been accumulating since 2008. Professor Cutler’s paper, published in Health Affairs, found a decline in life expectancy of about a year for less educated white women from 1990 to 2000. Three other studies, by Ahmedin Jemal, a researcher at the American Cancer Society; Jennifer Karas Montez, a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholar at Harvard; and Richard Miech, a professor at the University of Colorado Denver, found increases in mortality rates (the ratio of deaths to a population) for the least educated Americans.

Professor Olshansky’s study, financed by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on an Aging Society, found by far the biggest decline in life expectancy for the least educated non-Hispanic whites, in large part because he isolated those without a high school diploma, a group usually combined with high school graduates. Non-Hispanic whites currently make up 63 percent of the population of the United States.

Researchers said they were baffled by the magnitude of the drop. Some cautioned that the results could be overstated because Americans without a high school diploma — about 12 percent of the population, down from about 22 percent in 1990, according to the Census Bureau — were a shrinking group that was now more likely to be disadvantaged in ways besides education, compared with past generations.Professor Olshansky agreed that the group was now smaller, but said the magnitude of the drop in life expectancy was still a measure of deterioration. “The good news is that there are fewer people in this group,” he said. “The bad news is that those who are in it are dying more quickly.”

Researchers, including some involved in the earlier studies that found more modest declines in life expectancy, said that Professor Olshansky’s methodology was sound and that the findings reinforced evidence of a troubling pattern that has emerged for those at the bottom of the education ladder, particularly white women.

“Something is going on in the lives of disadvantaged white women that is leading to some really alarming trends in life expectancy,” said Ms. Montez of Harvard.

Researchers offered theories for the drop in life expectancy, but cautioned that none could fully explain it.

James Jackson, director of the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan and an author of the new study, said white women with low levels of education may exhibit more risky behavior than that of previous generations.

Overdoses from prescription drugs have spiked since 1990, disproportionately affecting whites, particularly women. Professor Miech, of the University of Colorado, noted the rise in a 2011 paper in the American Sociological Review, arguing that it was among the biggest changes for whites in recent decades and that it appeared to have offset gains for less educated people in the rate of heart attacks.

Ms. Montez, who studies women’s health, said that smoking was a big part of declines in life expectancy for less educated women. Smoking rates have increased among women without a high school diploma, both white and black, she said. But for men of the same education level, they have declined.

This group also has less access to health care than before. The share of working-age adults with less than a high school diploma who did not have health insurance rose to 43 percent in 2006, up from 35 percent in 1993, according to Mr. Jemal at the American Cancer Society. Just 10 percent of those with a college degree were uninsured last year, the Census Bureau reported.

The shift should be seen against the backdrop of sweeping changes in the American economy and in women’s lives, said Lisa Berkman, director of the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. The overwhelming majority of women now work, while fertility has remained higher than in European countries. For women in low-wage jobs, which are often less flexible, this could take a toll on health, a topic that Professor Berkman has a grant from the National Institute on Aging to study.

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/us/life-expectancy-for-less-educated-whites-in-us-is-shrinking.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1

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Acupuncture Works!

“Data from 29 separate studies of 18,000 people confirms what many people already swear by: acupuncture works, especially for treatment of back and neck pain, arthritis and headaches.”

NBC’s Brian Williams reports below:

http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/48978753#48978753

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Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products!

On the heals of arsenic being naturally found in apple juice and grape juice products… now rice and rice products have an even bigger problem with it.

Full story below provided by NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams: 

http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/49095161/#49095161

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Indoor Training and Convection!

Personally, I enjoy indoor training, but there’s one common mistake that many participants make when choosing to do so and that’s based on the concept of convection.

We need adequate airflow over our bodies to help evaporate the sweat that we produce while exercising, it’s this transfer of body-heat away from us, as we produce more through exercise, that’s convection. 

Without adequate airflow (similar to sitting outside on a hot, still day) we overheat quickly, leading to less intensity, shorter duration and a feeling of misery. Consequently, we no longer want to train indoors which is a convenient way to get the job done. 

Fans built into stationary machines and ceiling fans are mostly inadequate. What’s needed? A standard floor fan that covers the majority of our bodies while we exercise in place. This will naturally lead to greater enjoyment and more consistency with your indoor training.

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Prepare Your Own Food!

A sure-fire way to gain weight, and lose control of your health, is to consume food prepared by others (i.e. restaurants, catering services, potluck dinners, etc.). You can’t take responsibility for your weightloss goals, or your health, without knowing what’s in the food that you consume and that starts by preparing your own food. Eating out frequently abdicates your personal control to someone who has no interest in your health and weightloss goals.

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4th Annual Laveen 5k

See you there!

Personal Results: 2nd Overall at 18:22

The 4th Annual Laveen 5k

September 23, 2012 at Betty Fairfax High School (8225 S. 59th Ave Laveen, AZ)

Starts at 6:30 am (Register before race $25 – Register at race $35)

The event will be chip timed and will have a lot of giveaways, apparel, bottles and running accessories.

Each runner will be getting a T-shirt!

http://racetimers.com/4th-annual-laveen-5k-run.html

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Best Running Shoe?

This is a question that certainly has no definitive answer due to the fact that every runner is different and requires different things from their shoes. But for me the Saucony Kinvara Series is the best running shoe available, at the moment, for many of my personal applications. Extremely light weight without compromising comfort. It may work well for you as well…

I’ve included a personal review below:

http://www.runblogger.com/2012/05/saucony-kinvara-3-review-and-find-your.html

I’ve included Saucony’s website below:

http://www.saucony.com/store/SiteController/saucony/productdetails?stockNumber=20157-2&showDefaultOption=true&skuId=***4********20157-2*M080&productId=4-109350&searched=true

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TJ’s 5k Run to Fight Cystic Fibrosis!

When: Saturday, September 15th at 7am

Where: 7000 N Central Ave in Phoenix (Cross streets Central and Glendale) 

The race will be a timed event with medals for top three men and women in each age group and top three men and women overall.

Register online at $25 (no fee) or same day registration is $35.

All runners will recieve a T-shirt and pancake breakfast!

http://www.tjsruntofightcf.com/index.html

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“Best Personal Trainer?”

Anyone who claims to be “the best” at their profession has already lost much credibility in further statements. To make this statement with any credibility would take years of painstaking research while doing nothing else. Furthermore, the data would continually change with people entering and leaving the profession, so the research would never end. I find it amazing how many “best personal trainers” are located specifically in this geographical area. We should be so lucky!

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Currently Revisiting “The Lore of Running”

Written by Tim Noakes and updated frequently (currently on it’s 4th edition) this book is still the best physiology book on running ever written.  It’s digestable, interesting and comprehensive.  Much of the science in this book relates to all endurence sports – not just running.    

http://www.amazon.com/Lore-Running-4th-Timothy-Noakes/dp/0873229592/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259762692&sr=8-1

Lore of Running, 4th Edition

 

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Whole Foods For Dinner!

Whole Foods Market is a fresh way to eat out!

From salad and soup bars, to sandwiches and burritos.. Whole Foods has something that will certainly interest you for lunch or dinner.

http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/department/prepared-foods

 

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Treadmill Purchase?

On a budget?

The average home treadmill consumer would be best served with the purchase of a True Treadmill.

True treadmills have a strong design and a local dealer that provides good service and extensive parts and support.  

True Treadmill Local Dealer:

http://www.fitness4homesuperstore.com/

True Fitness Home Page:

http://www.truefitness.com/?gclid=CNqK-rTeobICFWHZQgod7ysAkQ

No Budget? Simply the best treadmill regardless of price?

Woodway Treadmills are simply the best design on the market.

The more serious the end-user, the more serious this option becomes…

There are no local dealers for Woodway Treadmills but service and parts are not difficult to find and their design is very durable.

The least expensive motorized Woodway Treadmill starts just under $10,000 (this includes freight charges and tax)

http://www.woodway.com/index.html

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Ahwatukee Sprouts Farmer’s Market NOW OPEN!

Go check them out!

4735 E. Ray Rd.
Ahwatukee, AZ 85044
SW corner of Ray Rd. & 48th St.

480-295-4901

Open daily 7:00 a.m. – 10:00 p.m.

http://www.sprouts.com/stores/sprouts-ahwatukee

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I Did A Green Run 5K/10K

This Sunday (September 9th, 2012)

Registration Begins at 6am and Closes at 7am

Both Race Distances Starts at 7:15am!

Reach 11 Park (2425 East Dear Valley Road in Scottsdale) 

http://arizonaroadracers.com/greenrun/

See you there!

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Organic or Non-Organic Food?

By Genevra Pittman

updated 9/4/2012
 
The Article: Organic Food No More Nutritious than Non-Organic
 

Organic produce and meat typically isn’t any better for you than conventional varieties when it comes to vitamin and nutrient content, according to a new review of the evidence.

But organic options may live up to their billing of lowering exposure to pesticide residue and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, researchers from Stanford University and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System found.

“People choose to buy organic foods for many different reasons. One of them is perceived health benefits,” said Dr. Crystal Smith-Spangler, who led the new study.

“Our patients, our families ask about, ‘Well, are there health reasons to choose organic food in terms of nutritional content or human health outcomes?'”

To try to answer that question, she and her colleagues reviewed over 200 studies that compared either the health of people who ate organic or conventional foods or, more commonly, nutrient and contaminant levels in the foods themselves.

Those included organic and non-organic fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, poultry, eggs and milk.

Many of the studies didn’t specify their standards for what constituted “organic” food – which can cost as much as twice what conventional food costs – the researchers wrote Monday in the Annals of Internal Medicine.

According to United States Department of Agriculture standards, organic farms have to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, hormones and antibiotics. Organic livestock must also have access to pastures during grazing season.

Many conventional farms in the U.S., in contrast, use pesticides to ward off bugs and raise animals in crowded indoor conditions with antibiotics in their feed to promote growth and ward off disease. The Food and Drug Administration has been examining that type of antibiotic use and its contribution to drug-resistant disease in humans.

Smith-Spangler and her colleagues found there was no difference in the amount of vitamins in plant or animal products produced organically and conventionally – and the only nutrient difference was slightly more phosphorus in the organic products.

Organic milk and chicken may also contain more omega-3 fatty acids, they found – but that was based on only a few studies.

There were more significant differences by growing practice in the amount of pesticides and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food.

More than one-third of conventional produce had detectable pesticide residues, compared to seven percent of organic produce samples. And organic chicken and pork was 33 percent less likely to carry bacteria resistant to three or more antibiotics than conventionally-produced meat.

Smith-Spangler told Reuters Health it was uncommon for either organic or conventional foods to exceed the allowable limits for pesticides, so it’s unclear whether a difference in residues would have an effect on health.

But Chensheng Lu, who studies environmental health and exposure at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, said that while the jury is still out on those effects, people should consider pesticide exposure in their grocery-shopping decisions.

“If I was a smart consumer, I would choose food that has no pesticides,” Lu, who wasn’t involved in the new study, told Reuters Health. “I think that’s the best way to protect your health.”

He said more research is necessary to fully explore the potential health and safety differences between organic and conventional foods, and that it’s “premature” to conclude organic meat and produce isn’t any healthier than non-organic versions.

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Chronic Fatigue and Parasites!

I found the piece presented below by Dr OZ very interesting, especially for those who are suffering from “chronic fatigue” with NO known cause (idiopathic).

The suggestion below was parasites (which are easily picked up by mothers with children in daycare, among other locations).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRglUAttmzQ

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Chandler Fitness 4 Home Superstore NOW OPEN!

The newest Fitness 4 Home Superstore is now open in Chandler!

Quality fitness equipment with strong service well into the future…

Located: (Near the Chandler Mall)

3305 W Chandler Blvd

Chandler, AZ 85226

(Chandler blvd & the 101, right next to PF Chang’s)

Contact: 480-838-0555

http://www.fitness4homesuperstore.com/

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Wisdom in Action!

Wisdom is best defined by using facts that remain true, over a long period of time and regardless of extending circumstances, to make decisions and guide our behavior. A willingness to search for resolutions when there’s a personal conflict, or awareness of the personal limits of one’s own knowledge, are examples of wisdom in action. Demonstrating gratitude for the things that are right in our lives, rather than complaining about what may be wrong, and remembering that wisdom is something that can be strengthen through effort, not just through mere biological age, are strong characteristics of wisdom as well. When personal problems ensue, it’s best to realize that we all have strong egos and it’s best to work toward middle ground if the relationship is important to us.

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Filthy Restaurant Menus!

The majority of restaurants and the food they serve can eventually make you sick, but their well used filthy menus can make you sick today. The reason? Restaurant menus are teaming with nasty bacteria, including fecal matter, because they rarely, if ever, get cleaned. If you’re going to eat out, the fix for this problem is to order your food, hand back the menu and then go wash your hands really well.

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Better than Marijuana!

As many fitness enthusiasts will attest to, exercising can feel really good. The chemicals responsible for this feeling are called endocannabinoids and they work much the same way as the active ingredient in marijuana; without the unpleasant side effects and issues of legality.

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Minimize Dental X-Rays!

Confirmation that dental X-rays can be bad for you…

The Economist Magazine April 14th, 2012

IF YOU are a suspicious type you may be disturbed by the fact that, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists and their technicians, when administering X-rays, usually step out of the room while the deed is done. Not only that, they often drape a lead-lined apron over your body to protect your vital organs. Well, all but one: your brain.

A study by Elizabeth Claus, of Yale University, just published in Cancer, suggests your suspicions might be justified. Dr Claus thinks she has identified, in those who have had dental X-rays often, a significant rise in the admittedly small risk of developing a brain tumour.

In rich countries, five men in every 200,000, and twice as many women, develop tumours called meningiomas that affect the membranes surrounding the brain. Meningiomas account for a third of primary brain tumours. Only about 2% of them are malignant, but non-malignant does not mean non-dangerous. Even a “benign” meningioma can kill. Around 30% do so within five years of diagnosis. Symptoms can include seizures and blindness, and treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy or, ironically, radiotherapy.

Ironically, because past research studying the after-effects of exposure to things like atom bombs and radiation treatments for cancer suggests the most important environmental risk factor for meningiomas is ionising radiation. These days, however, the main source of ionising radiation for most people is neither fallout from bombs nor radiotherapy; it is dental X-rays. Despite that, surprisingly little research has been done on those X-rays’ effects.

Dr Claus and her colleagues have tried to plug the gap. They studied 1,433 Americans who have had meningiomas and compared them with 1,350 others who have not. These others were chosen to match the study group’s age profile, sex ratio and dwelling place. The researchers then inquired about both groups’ family, medical and dental histories.

In the case of their dental histories, participants were asked whether they generally had standard X-rays, known as bitewings, every year, or never had them, or fell somewhere in between. They were also asked how often they had had panoramic X-rays—so-called panorexes—taken of their entire mouths, and whether they had ever had braces, the fitting of which often involves a panoramic X-ray.

The researchers found that people who had had a meningioma were more than twice as likely as those who had not to have had at least one bitewing X-ray. And the more bitewings they had been given, the greater that likelihood was.

Even more troubling was the finding that people who had been given a panorex when they were under ten had 4.9 times the normal risk of developing a meningioma. To be fair, only 22 participants in the study had both had a panorex and developed such a tumour. But according to Dr Claus, the panorex was not common when most of the people in the study had been children. “Nowadays”, she says, “before getting braces all the kids have it.”

What these results mean in practice is debatable. The radiation dose from an individual dental X-ray, Dr Claus points out, has gone down by about half over the past 30 years or so. In addition, some dentists and orthodontists—though far from the majority—have turned to digital methods that expose patients to even lower levels. But others are using fancy new techniques like cone-beam computerised tomography which actually expose people to much higher levels of radiation.

Moreover, guidelines from the American Dental Association state that healthy adults should have a bitewing X-ray no more than once every two or three years, and that there is little reason to X-ray patients who do not have symptoms. These are policies which Dr Claus describes as “quite reasonable”. But if what her participants told her is true, not all dentists are heeding their own professional body’s advice. Most of those who took part in the study reported having at least one X-ray a year. Dr Claus’s work, then, is a timely reminder that X-rays are dangerous, that dentists should use them sparingly and that patients who have suspicions about their use are not necessarily paranoid.

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